Causes of Bladder Stone

These bladder stones are usually associated with stasis of urine, but they can form in healthy individuals without evidence of anatomic defects, strictures, infections, or foreign bodies. The presence of upper urinary tract calculi is not necessarily a predisposition to the formation of bladder stones.

• Bladder outlet obstruction remains the most common cause of bladder calculi in adults.
• Prostatic enlargement.
• Elevation of bladder neck.
• High postvoid residual urine volume cause stasis, which leads to crystal nucleation and accretion

Treatment of Bladder Stones

Transurethral Litholapaxy

Cystoscopy is performed to evaluate lower urinary tract like urethra and prostate and finally to visualize the stone into the bladder.  If the stone is small., it can be manually fragmented with the forceps and the fragments are removed through the cystoscope.

Percutaneous Suprapubic Cystolithotomy

In case of larger bladder stone, the percutaneous suprapubic route is selected. This allows the use of shorter- and larger-diameter endoscopic equipment like nephroscope (usually with an ultrasonic lithotripter), which allows rapid fragmentation and evacuation of the calculi. Often, a combined transurethral and percutaneous approach can be used to aid in stone stabilization and to facilitate irrigation of the stone debris.

Open Suprapubic Cystolithotomy

This procedure become the preferred mode of treatment for very large or multiple bladder calculi associated with enlargement of prostate.